11.1
antibody production & vaccination
6.3
defense against infectious disease
Essential Ideas: Immunity is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material. The human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogens.
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Nature of Science: Consider ethical implications and risks of research: Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on children. Florey and Chain's tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing.
UNDERSTANDINGS:
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11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
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11.1.U2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
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11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
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11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
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11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
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11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
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11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to antigens.
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11.1.U8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
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11.1.U9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
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11.1.U10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
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11.1.U11 Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
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11.1.U12 Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
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6.3.U1 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
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6.3.U2 Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
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6.3.U3 Clotting factors are released from platelets.
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6.3.U4 The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
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6.3.U5 Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to disease.
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6.3.U6 Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular antigens gives specific immunity.
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6.3.U7 Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
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6.3.U8 Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.
APPLICATIONS & SKILLS:
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Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
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Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
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Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
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Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
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Application: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
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Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
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Application: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
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RESOURCES:
