11.1
antibody production & vaccination
6.3
defense against infectious disease
Essential Ideas: Immunity is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material. The human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogens.
Nature of Science: Consider ethical implications and risks of research: Jenner tested his vaccine for smallpox on children. Florey and Chain's tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing.
UNDERSTANDINGS:
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11.1.U1 Every organism has unique molecules on the surface of its cells.
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11.1.U2 Pathogens can be species-specific although others can cross species barriers.
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11.1.U3 B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes in mammals.
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11.1.U4 Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
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11.1.U5 Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
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11.1.U6 Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
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11.1.U7 White cells release histamine in response to antigens.
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11.1.U8 Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
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11.1.U9 Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells.
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11.1.U10 Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
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11.1.U11 Fusion of a tumor cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
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11.1.U12 Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
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6.3.U1 The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
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6.3.U2 Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
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6.3.U3 Clotting factors are released from platelets.
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6.3.U4 The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
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6.3.U5 Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to disease.
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6.3.U6 Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular antigens gives specific immunity.
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6.3.U7 Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
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6.3.U8 Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.
APPLICATIONS & SKILLS:
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Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination.
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Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
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Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
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Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
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Application: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
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Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
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Application: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
RESOURCES:
